19 files changed, 1766 insertions, 1252 deletions

diff --git a/apps/web/src/lib/preview/element-bounds.ts b/apps/web/src/lib/preview/element-bounds.ts
index 40145d02..0dc2d0d5 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/lib/preview/element-bounds.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/lib/preview/element-bounds.ts
@@ -244,21 +244,6 @@ export function getEdgeHandlePosition({
 	};

 }

 

-export function getRotationHandlePosition({

-	bounds,

-}: {

-	bounds: ElementBounds;

-}): { x: number; y: number } {

-	const angleRad = (bounds.rotation * Math.PI) / 180;

-	const cos = Math.cos(angleRad);

-	const sin = Math.sin(angleRad);

-	const localY = -bounds.height / 2 - ROTATION_HANDLE_OFFSET;

-	return {

-		x: bounds.cx - localY * sin,

-		y: bounds.cy + localY * cos,

-	};

-}

-

 export function getVisibleElementsWithBounds({

 	tracks,

 	currentTime,

diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/canvas-renderer.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/canvas-renderer.ts
index b142d97a..50f7fd12 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/canvas-renderer.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/canvas-renderer.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import type { FrameRate } from "opencut-wasm";
-import { frameRateToFloat } from "@/lib/fps/utils";
-import type { BaseNode } from "./nodes/base-node";
+import type { AnyBaseNode } from "./nodes/base-node";
+import { buildFrameDescriptor } from "./compositor/frame-descriptor";
+import { wasmCompositor } from "./compositor/wasm-compositor";
+import { resolveRenderTree } from "./resolve";
 
 export type CanvasRendererParams = {
 	width: number;
@@ -38,6 +40,14 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
 			| CanvasRenderingContext2D;
 	}
 
+	getOutputCanvas(): HTMLCanvasElement {
+		wasmCompositor.ensureInitialized({
+			width: this.width,
+			height: this.height,
+		});
+		return wasmCompositor.getCanvas();
+	}
+
 	setSize({ width, height }: { width: number; height: number }) {
 		this.width = width;
 		this.height = height;
@@ -58,14 +68,18 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
 			| CanvasRenderingContext2D;
 	}
 
-	private clear() {
-		this.context.fillStyle = "black";
-		this.context.fillRect(0, 0, this.canvas.width, this.canvas.height);
-	}
-
-	async render({ node, time }: { node: BaseNode; time: number }) {
-		this.clear();
-		await node.render({ renderer: this, time });
+	async render({ node, time }: { node: AnyBaseNode; time: number }) {
+		await resolveRenderTree({ node, renderer: this, time });
+		const { frame, textures } = await buildFrameDescriptor({
+			node,
+			renderer: this,
+		});
+		wasmCompositor.ensureInitialized({
+			width: this.width,
+			height: this.height,
+		});
+		wasmCompositor.syncTextures(textures);
+		wasmCompositor.render(frame);
 	}
 
 	async renderToCanvas({
@@ -73,7 +87,7 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
 		time,
 		targetCanvas,
 	}: {
-		node: BaseNode;
+		node: AnyBaseNode;
 		time: number;
 		targetCanvas: HTMLCanvasElement;
 	}) {
@@ -84,6 +98,12 @@ export class CanvasRenderer {
 			throw new Error("Failed to get target canvas context");
 		}
 
-		ctx.drawImage(this.canvas, 0, 0, targetCanvas.width, targetCanvas.height);
+		ctx.drawImage(
+			wasmCompositor.getCanvas(),
+			0,
+			0,
+			targetCanvas.width,
+			targetCanvas.height,
+		);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/compositor/frame-descriptor.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/compositor/frame-descriptor.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b8201d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/compositor/frame-descriptor.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,559 @@
+import { drawCssBackground } from "@/lib/gradients";
+import { masksRegistry } from "@/lib/masks";
+import type { AnyBaseNode } from "../nodes/base-node";
+import type { CanvasRenderer } from "../canvas-renderer";
+import { createOffscreenCanvas } from "../canvas-utils";
+import { BlurBackgroundNode } from "../nodes/blur-background-node";
+import { ColorNode } from "../nodes/color-node";
+import { EffectLayerNode } from "../nodes/effect-layer-node";
+import { GraphicNode, type ResolvedGraphicNodeState } from "../nodes/graphic-node";
+import { ImageNode } from "../nodes/image-node";
+import { RootNode } from "../nodes/root-node";
+import { StickerNode } from "../nodes/sticker-node";
+import { renderTextToContext, TextNode } from "../nodes/text-node";
+import { VideoNode } from "../nodes/video-node";
+import type { ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState } from "../nodes/visual-node";
+import type {
+	FrameDescriptor,
+	FrameItemDescriptor,
+	LayerMaskDescriptor,
+	QuadTransformDescriptor,
+} from "./types";
+import { DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE } from "@/lib/graphics";
+
+export type TextureUploadDescriptor = {
+	id: string;
+	source: CanvasImageSource;
+	width: number;
+	height: number;
+};
+
+export async function buildFrameDescriptor({
+	node,
+	renderer,
+}: {
+	node: AnyBaseNode;
+	renderer: CanvasRenderer;
+}): Promise<{
+	frame: FrameDescriptor;
+	textures: TextureUploadDescriptor[];
+}> {
+	const items: FrameItemDescriptor[] = [];
+	const textures = new Map<string, TextureUploadDescriptor>();
+
+	await collectNode({
+		node,
+		renderer,
+		path: "root",
+		items,
+		textures,
+	});
+
+	return {
+		frame: {
+			width: renderer.width,
+			height: renderer.height,
+			clear: {
+				color: [0, 0, 0, 1],
+			},
+			items,
+		},
+		textures: [...textures.values()],
+	};
+}
+
+async function collectNode({
+	node,
+	renderer,
+	path,
+	items,
+	textures,
+}: {
+	node: AnyBaseNode;
+	renderer: CanvasRenderer;
+	path: string;
+	items: FrameItemDescriptor[];
+	textures: Map<string, TextureUploadDescriptor>;
+}): Promise<void> {
+	if (node instanceof RootNode) {
+		for (let index = 0; index < node.children.length; index++) {
+			await collectNode({
+				node: node.children[index],
+				renderer,
+				path: `${path}:${index}`,
+				items,
+				textures,
+			});
+		}
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (node instanceof ColorNode) {
+		const textureId = `${path}:color`;
+		const canvas = createOffscreenCanvas({
+			width: renderer.width,
+			height: renderer.height,
+		});
+		const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d") as
+			| CanvasRenderingContext2D
+			| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
+			| null;
+		if (!ctx) return;
+		if (/gradient\(/i.test(node.params.color)) {
+			drawCssBackground({
+				ctx,
+				width: renderer.width,
+				height: renderer.height,
+				css: node.params.color,
+			});
+		} else {
+			ctx.fillStyle = node.params.color;
+			ctx.fillRect(0, 0, renderer.width, renderer.height);
+		}
+		textures.set(textureId, {
+			id: textureId,
+			source: canvas,
+			width: renderer.width,
+			height: renderer.height,
+		});
+		items.push({
+			type: "layer",
+			textureId,
+			transform: fullCanvasTransform(renderer),
+			opacity: 1,
+			blendMode: "normal",
+			effectPassGroups: [],
+			mask: null,
+		});
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (node instanceof EffectLayerNode) {
+		if (!node.resolved || node.resolved.passes.length === 0) {
+			return;
+		}
+		items.push({
+			type: "sceneEffect",
+			effectPassGroups: [node.resolved.passes],
+		});
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (node instanceof BlurBackgroundNode) {
+		if (!node.resolved) {
+			return;
+		}
+		const textureId = `${path}:blur-background`;
+		const backdropCanvas = createOffscreenCanvas({
+			width: renderer.width,
+			height: renderer.height,
+		});
+		const backdropCtx = backdropCanvas.getContext("2d") as
+			| CanvasRenderingContext2D
+			| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
+			| null;
+		if (!backdropCtx) return;
+		const { backdropSource, passes } = node.resolved;
+		const coverScale = Math.max(
+			renderer.width / backdropSource.width,
+			renderer.height / backdropSource.height,
+		);
+		const scaledWidth = backdropSource.width * coverScale;
+		const scaledHeight = backdropSource.height * coverScale;
+		const offsetX = (renderer.width - scaledWidth) / 2;
+		const offsetY = (renderer.height - scaledHeight) / 2;
+		backdropCtx.drawImage(
+			backdropSource.source,
+			offsetX,
+			offsetY,
+			scaledWidth,
+			scaledHeight,
+		);
+		textures.set(textureId, {
+			id: textureId,
+			source: backdropCanvas,
+			width: renderer.width,
+			height: renderer.height,
+		});
+		items.push({
+			type: "layer",
+			textureId,
+			transform: fullCanvasTransform(renderer),
+			opacity: 1,
+			blendMode: "normal",
+			effectPassGroups: [passes],
+			mask: null,
+		});
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (
+		node instanceof VideoNode ||
+		node instanceof ImageNode ||
+		node instanceof StickerNode ||
+		node instanceof GraphicNode
+	) {
+		await collectVisualSourceNode({
+			node,
+			renderer,
+			path,
+			items,
+			textures,
+		});
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (node instanceof TextNode) {
+		collectTextNode({
+			node,
+			renderer,
+			path,
+			items,
+			textures,
+		});
+	}
+}
+
+async function collectVisualSourceNode({
+	node,
+	renderer,
+	path,
+	items,
+	textures,
+}: {
+	node: VideoNode | ImageNode | StickerNode | GraphicNode;
+	renderer: CanvasRenderer;
+	path: string;
+	items: FrameItemDescriptor[];
+	textures: Map<string, TextureUploadDescriptor>;
+}) {
+	if (!node.resolved) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	const source =
+		node instanceof GraphicNode
+			? node.getSource({ resolvedParams: node.resolved.resolvedParams })
+			: node.resolved.source;
+	if (!source) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	const sourceWidth =
+		node instanceof GraphicNode
+			? DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE
+			: (node.resolved as ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState).sourceWidth;
+	const sourceHeight =
+		node instanceof GraphicNode
+			? DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE
+			: (node.resolved as ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState).sourceHeight;
+
+	const textureId = `${path}:source`;
+	textures.set(textureId, {
+		id: textureId,
+		source,
+		width: sourceWidth,
+		height: sourceHeight,
+	});
+
+	const transform = computeVisualTransform({
+		renderer,
+		resolved: node.resolved,
+		sourceWidth,
+		sourceHeight,
+	});
+	const { mask, strokeLayer } = buildMaskArtifacts({
+		node,
+		renderer,
+		path,
+		transform,
+		textures,
+	});
+
+	items.push({
+		type: "layer",
+		textureId,
+		transform,
+		opacity: node.resolved.opacity,
+		blendMode: node.params.blendMode ?? "normal",
+		effectPassGroups: node.resolved.effectPasses,
+		mask,
+	});
+	if (strokeLayer) {
+		items.push(strokeLayer);
+	}
+}
+
+function collectTextNode({
+	node,
+	renderer,
+	path,
+	items,
+	textures,
+}: {
+	node: TextNode;
+	renderer: CanvasRenderer;
+	path: string;
+	items: FrameItemDescriptor[];
+	textures: Map<string, TextureUploadDescriptor>;
+}) {
+	if (!node.resolved) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	const textureId = `${path}:text`;
+	const canvas = createOffscreenCanvas({
+		width: renderer.width,
+		height: renderer.height,
+	});
+	const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d") as
+		| CanvasRenderingContext2D
+		| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
+		| null;
+	if (!ctx) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	renderTextToContext({
+		node,
+		ctx,
+	});
+
+	textures.set(textureId, {
+		id: textureId,
+		source: canvas,
+		width: renderer.width,
+		height: renderer.height,
+	});
+	items.push({
+		type: "layer",
+		textureId,
+		transform: fullCanvasTransform(renderer),
+		opacity: node.resolved.opacity,
+		blendMode: node.params.blendMode ?? "normal",
+		effectPassGroups: node.resolved.effectPasses,
+		mask: null,
+	});
+}
+
+function computeVisualTransform({
+	renderer,
+	resolved,
+	sourceWidth,
+	sourceHeight,
+}: {
+	renderer: CanvasRenderer;
+	resolved: ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState | ResolvedGraphicNodeState;
+	sourceWidth: number;
+	sourceHeight: number;
+}): QuadTransformDescriptor {
+	const containScale = Math.min(
+		renderer.width / sourceWidth,
+		renderer.height / sourceHeight,
+	);
+	const scaledWidth = sourceWidth * containScale * resolved.transform.scaleX;
+	const scaledHeight = sourceHeight * containScale * resolved.transform.scaleY;
+	const absWidth = Math.abs(scaledWidth);
+	const absHeight = Math.abs(scaledHeight);
+
+	return {
+		centerX: renderer.width / 2 + resolved.transform.position.x,
+		centerY: renderer.height / 2 + resolved.transform.position.y,
+		width: absWidth,
+		height: absHeight,
+		rotationDegrees: resolved.transform.rotate,
+		flipX: scaledWidth < 0,
+		flipY: scaledHeight < 0,
+	};
+}
+
+function fullCanvasTransform(renderer: CanvasRenderer): QuadTransformDescriptor {
+	return {
+		centerX: renderer.width / 2,
+		centerY: renderer.height / 2,
+		width: renderer.width,
+		height: renderer.height,
+		rotationDegrees: 0,
+		flipX: false,
+		flipY: false,
+	};
+}
+
+function buildMaskArtifacts({
+	node,
+	renderer,
+	path,
+	transform,
+	textures,
+}: {
+	node: VideoNode | ImageNode | StickerNode | GraphicNode;
+	renderer: CanvasRenderer;
+	path: string;
+	transform: QuadTransformDescriptor;
+	textures: Map<string, TextureUploadDescriptor>;
+}): {
+	mask: LayerMaskDescriptor | null;
+	strokeLayer: FrameItemDescriptor | null;
+} {
+	const mask = node.params.masks?.[0];
+	if (!mask) {
+		return { mask: null, strokeLayer: null };
+	}
+
+	const definition = masksRegistry.get(mask.type);
+	const elementMaskCanvas = createOffscreenCanvas({
+		width: Math.round(transform.width),
+		height: Math.round(transform.height),
+	});
+	const elementMaskCtx = elementMaskCanvas.getContext("2d") as
+		| CanvasRenderingContext2D
+		| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
+		| null;
+	if (!elementMaskCtx) {
+		return { mask: null, strokeLayer: null };
+	}
+	elementMaskCtx.clearRect(0, 0, transform.width, transform.height);
+
+	let strokePath: Path2D | null = null;
+	let feather = mask.params.feather;
+	if (mask.params.feather > 0 && definition.renderer.renderMask) {
+		definition.renderer.renderMask({
+			resolvedParams: mask.params,
+			ctx: elementMaskCtx,
+			width: Math.round(transform.width),
+			height: Math.round(transform.height),
+			feather: mask.params.feather,
+		});
+		feather = 0;
+		strokePath = definition.renderer.buildStrokePath?.({
+			resolvedParams: mask.params,
+			width: transform.width,
+			height: transform.height,
+		}) ?? null;
+	} else {
+		const path2d = definition.renderer.buildPath({
+			resolvedParams: mask.params,
+			width: transform.width,
+			height: transform.height,
+		});
+		elementMaskCtx.fillStyle = "white";
+		elementMaskCtx.fill(path2d);
+		strokePath =
+			definition.renderer.buildStrokePath?.({
+				resolvedParams: mask.params,
+				width: transform.width,
+				height: transform.height,
+			}) ?? path2d;
+	}
+
+	const fullMaskCanvas = createOffscreenCanvas({
+		width: renderer.width,
+		height: renderer.height,
+	});
+	const fullMaskCtx = fullMaskCanvas.getContext("2d") as
+		| CanvasRenderingContext2D
+		| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
+		| null;
+	if (!fullMaskCtx) {
+		return { mask: null, strokeLayer: null };
+	}
+	drawTransformedCanvas({
+		ctx: fullMaskCtx,
+		source: elementMaskCanvas,
+		transform,
+	});
+
+	const maskTextureId = `${path}:mask`;
+	textures.set(maskTextureId, {
+		id: maskTextureId,
+		source: fullMaskCanvas,
+		width: renderer.width,
+		height: renderer.height,
+	});
+
+	let strokeLayer: FrameItemDescriptor | null = null;
+	if (mask.params.strokeWidth > 0 && strokePath) {
+		const strokeCanvas = createOffscreenCanvas({
+			width: Math.round(transform.width),
+			height: Math.round(transform.height),
+		});
+		const strokeCtx = strokeCanvas.getContext("2d") as
+			| CanvasRenderingContext2D
+			| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
+			| null;
+		if (strokeCtx) {
+			strokeCtx.strokeStyle = mask.params.strokeColor;
+			strokeCtx.lineWidth = mask.params.strokeWidth;
+			strokeCtx.stroke(strokePath);
+
+			const fullStrokeCanvas = createOffscreenCanvas({
+				width: renderer.width,
+				height: renderer.height,
+			});
+			const fullStrokeCtx = fullStrokeCanvas.getContext("2d") as
+				| CanvasRenderingContext2D
+				| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
+				| null;
+			if (fullStrokeCtx) {
+				drawTransformedCanvas({
+					ctx: fullStrokeCtx,
+					source: strokeCanvas,
+					transform,
+				});
+				const strokeTextureId = `${path}:mask-stroke`;
+				textures.set(strokeTextureId, {
+					id: strokeTextureId,
+					source: fullStrokeCanvas,
+					width: renderer.width,
+					height: renderer.height,
+				});
+				strokeLayer = {
+					type: "layer",
+					textureId: strokeTextureId,
+					transform: fullCanvasTransform(renderer),
+					opacity: 1,
+					blendMode: "normal",
+					effectPassGroups: [],
+					mask: null,
+				};
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return {
+		mask: {
+			textureId: maskTextureId,
+			feather,
+			inverted: mask.params.inverted,
+		},
+		strokeLayer,
+	};
+}
+
+function drawTransformedCanvas({
+	ctx,
+	source,
+	transform,
+}: {
+	ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D | OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D;
+	source: CanvasImageSource;
+	transform: QuadTransformDescriptor;
+}) {
+	const x = transform.centerX - transform.width / 2;
+	const y = transform.centerY - transform.height / 2;
+	const flipX = transform.flipX ? -1 : 1;
+	const flipY = transform.flipY ? -1 : 1;
+	const requiresTransform =
+		transform.rotationDegrees !== 0 || flipX !== 1 || flipY !== 1;
+
+	ctx.save();
+	if (requiresTransform) {
+		ctx.translate(transform.centerX, transform.centerY);
+		ctx.rotate((transform.rotationDegrees * Math.PI) / 180);
+		ctx.scale(flipX, flipY);
+		ctx.translate(-transform.centerX, -transform.centerY);
+	}
+	ctx.drawImage(source, x, y, transform.width, transform.height);
+	ctx.restore();
+}
+
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/compositor/types.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/compositor/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d9322e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/compositor/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import type { BlendMode } from "@/lib/rendering";
+import type { EffectPass } from "@/lib/effects/types";
+
+export type FrameDescriptor = {
+	width: number;
+	height: number;
+	clear: {
+		color: [number, number, number, number];
+	};
+	items: FrameItemDescriptor[];
+};
+
+export type FrameItemDescriptor =
+	| {
+			type: "layer";
+			textureId: string;
+			transform: QuadTransformDescriptor;
+			opacity: number;
+			blendMode: BlendMode;
+			effectPassGroups: EffectPass[][];
+			mask: LayerMaskDescriptor | null;
+	  }
+	| {
+			type: "sceneEffect";
+			effectPassGroups: EffectPass[][];
+	  };
+
+export type QuadTransformDescriptor = {
+	centerX: number;
+	centerY: number;
+	width: number;
+	height: number;
+	rotationDegrees: number;
+	flipX: boolean;
+	flipY: boolean;
+};
+
+export type LayerMaskDescriptor = {
+	textureId: string;
+	feather: number;
+	inverted: boolean;
+};
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/compositor/wasm-compositor.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/compositor/wasm-compositor.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1faecc32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/compositor/wasm-compositor.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+import {
+	getCompositorCanvas,
+	initCompositor,
+	releaseTexture,
+	renderFrame,
+	resizeCompositor,
+	uploadTexture,
+} from "opencut-wasm";
+import type { FrameDescriptor } from "./types";
+
+function ensureOffscreenCanvas({
+	source,
+	width,
+	height,
+	label,
+}: {
+	source: CanvasImageSource;
+	width: number;
+	height: number;
+	label: string;
+}): OffscreenCanvas {
+	if (source instanceof OffscreenCanvas) {
+		return source;
+	}
+
+	if (typeof OffscreenCanvas === "undefined") {
+		throw new Error(`OffscreenCanvas is required for ${label}`);
+	}
+
+	const canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(width, height);
+	const context = canvas.getContext("2d");
+	if (!context) {
+		throw new Error(`Failed to get 2d context for ${label}`);
+	}
+	context.clearRect(0, 0, width, height);
+	context.drawImage(source, 0, 0, width, height);
+	return canvas;
+}
+
+export type TextureUploadDescriptor = {
+	id: string;
+	source: CanvasImageSource;
+	width: number;
+	height: number;
+};
+
+class WasmCompositor {
+	private canvas: HTMLCanvasElement | null = null;
+	private initializedSize: { width: number; height: number } | null = null;
+	private retainedTextureIds = new Set<string>();
+	private uploadedTextures = new Map<
+		string,
+		{ source: CanvasImageSource; width: number; height: number }
+	>();
+	private _debugLogged = false;
+
+	ensureInitialized({ width, height }: { width: number; height: number }) {
+		if (!this.canvas) {
+			initCompositor(width, height);
+			this.canvas = getCompositorCanvas();
+			this.initializedSize = { width, height };
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (
+			!this.initializedSize ||
+			this.initializedSize.width !== width ||
+			this.initializedSize.height !== height
+		) {
+			resizeCompositor(width, height);
+			this.initializedSize = { width, height };
+		}
+	}
+
+	getCanvas(): HTMLCanvasElement {
+		if (!this.canvas) {
+			throw new Error("Compositor is not initialized");
+		}
+		return this.canvas;
+	}
+
+	syncTextures(textures: TextureUploadDescriptor[]) {
+		const nextIds = new Set(textures.map((texture) => texture.id));
+		for (const previousId of this.retainedTextureIds) {
+			if (!nextIds.has(previousId)) {
+				releaseTexture(previousId);
+				this.uploadedTextures.delete(previousId);
+			}
+		}
+
+		for (const texture of textures) {
+			const previousTexture = this.uploadedTextures.get(texture.id);
+			if (
+				previousTexture?.source === texture.source &&
+				previousTexture.width === texture.width &&
+				previousTexture.height === texture.height
+			) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			const sourceCanvas = ensureOffscreenCanvas({
+				source: texture.source,
+				width: texture.width,
+				height: texture.height,
+				label: `texture upload ${texture.id}`,
+			});
+			uploadTexture({
+				id: texture.id,
+				source: sourceCanvas,
+				width: texture.width,
+				height: texture.height,
+			});
+			this.uploadedTextures.set(texture.id, {
+				source: texture.source,
+				width: texture.width,
+				height: texture.height,
+			});
+		}
+
+		this.retainedTextureIds = nextIds;
+	}
+
+	render(frame: FrameDescriptor) {
+		if (!this._debugLogged) {
+			this._debugLogged = true;
+			const firstLayer = frame.items.find((item) => item.type === "layer");
+			console.log(
+				"[compositor] first frame — canvas size:",
+				JSON.stringify({ width: frame.width, height: frame.height }),
+				"| first layer transform:",
+				firstLayer && firstLayer.type === "layer"
+					? JSON.stringify(firstLayer.transform)
+					: "none",
+				"| webgpu available:",
+				typeof navigator !== "undefined" && "gpu" in navigator,
+			);
+		}
+		renderFrame(frame);
+	}
+}
+
+export const wasmCompositor = new WasmCompositor();
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/gpu-renderer.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/gpu-renderer.ts
index b2049ef5..b11aa8e2 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/gpu-renderer.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/gpu-renderer.ts
@@ -13,12 +13,18 @@ export function initializeGpuRenderer(): Promise<void> {
 		initPromise = initializeGpu()
 			.then(() => {
 				gpuAvailable = true;
+				// #region agent log
+				fetch('http://127.0.0.1:7408/ingest/669b22f8-172b-4e65-aa3f-1c702ede83f7',{method:'POST',headers:{'Content-Type':'application/json','X-Debug-Session-Id':'b140a6'},body:JSON.stringify({sessionId:'b140a6',location:'gpu-renderer.ts',message:'GPU init SUCCESS',data:{userAgent:navigator.userAgent},timestamp:Date.now()})}).catch(()=>{});
+				// #endregion
 			})
 			.catch((error: unknown) => {
 				gpuAvailable = false;
 				const message =
 					error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
 				console.warn(`GPU renderer unavailable: ${message}`);
+				// #region agent log
+				fetch('http://127.0.0.1:7408/ingest/669b22f8-172b-4e65-aa3f-1c702ede83f7',{method:'POST',headers:{'Content-Type':'application/json','X-Debug-Session-Id':'b140a6'},body:JSON.stringify({sessionId:'b140a6',location:'gpu-renderer.ts',message:'GPU init FAILED',data:{error:message,userAgent:navigator.userAgent,hasGpu:!!navigator.gpu},timestamp:Date.now()})}).catch(()=>{});
+				// #endregion
 			});
 	}
 	return initPromise;
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/base-node.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/base-node.ts
index 55bd055a..1d6fc0e4 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/base-node.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/base-node.ts
@@ -1,35 +1,26 @@
-import type { CanvasRenderer } from "../canvas-renderer";
-
 export type BaseNodeParams = object | undefined;
+export type AnyBaseNode = BaseNode<BaseNodeParams, unknown>;
 
-export class BaseNode<Params extends BaseNodeParams = BaseNodeParams> {
+export class BaseNode<
+	Params extends BaseNodeParams = BaseNodeParams,
+	Resolved = unknown,
+> {
 	params: Params;
+	resolved: Resolved | null = null;
 
 	constructor(params?: Params) {
 		this.params = params ?? ({} as Params);
 	}
 
-	children: BaseNode[] = [];
+	children: AnyBaseNode[] = [];
 
-	add(child: BaseNode) {
+	add(child: AnyBaseNode) {
 		this.children.push(child);
 		return this;
 	}
 
-	remove(child: BaseNode) {
+	remove(child: AnyBaseNode) {
 		this.children = this.children.filter((c) => c !== child);
 		return this;
 	}
-
-	async render({
-		renderer,
-		time,
-	}: {
-		renderer: CanvasRenderer;
-		time: number;
-	}): Promise<void> {
-		for (const child of this.children) {
-			await child.render({ renderer, time });
-		}
-	}
 }
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/blur-background-node.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/blur-background-node.ts
index 4cb45b33..d20e2533 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/blur-background-node.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/blur-background-node.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
-import { buildGaussianBlurPasses, intensityToSigma } from "@/lib/effects/definitions/blur";
-import { mediaTimeToSeconds } from "opencut-wasm";
-import { getSourceTimeAtClipTime } from "@/lib/retime";
-import { videoCache } from "@/services/video-cache/service";
+import type { EffectPass } from "@/lib/effects/types";
 import type { RetimeConfig } from "@/lib/timeline";
-import type { CanvasRenderer } from "../canvas-renderer";
-import { createOffscreenCanvas } from "../canvas-utils";
-import { gpuRenderer } from "../gpu-renderer";
 import { BaseNode } from "./base-node";
-import { loadImageSource, type CachedImageSource } from "./image-node";
 
 export type BlurBackgroundNodeParams = {
 	mediaId: string;
@@ -22,127 +15,18 @@ export type BlurBackgroundNodeParams = {
 	blurIntensity: number;
 };
 
-type BackdropSource = {
+export type BackdropSource = {
 	source: CanvasImageSource;
 	width: number;
 	height: number;
 };
 
-export class BlurBackgroundNode extends BaseNode<BlurBackgroundNodeParams> {
-	private cachedImageSource: Promise<CachedImageSource> | null;
-
-	constructor(params: BlurBackgroundNodeParams) {
-		super(params);
-		this.cachedImageSource =
-			params.mediaType === "image" ? loadImageSource(params.url) : null;
-	}
-
-	private isInRange({ time }: { time: number }): boolean {
-		const localTime = time - this.params.timeOffset;
-		return localTime >= 0 && localTime < this.params.duration;
-	}
-
-	private getSourceLocalTime({ time }: { time: number }): number {
-		const clipTime = time - this.params.timeOffset;
-		return (
-			this.params.trimStart +
-			getSourceTimeAtClipTime({
-				clipTime,
-				retime: this.params.retime,
-			})
-		);
-	}
-
-	private async getBackdropSource({
-		time,
-	}: {
-		time: number;
-	}): Promise<BackdropSource | null> {
-		if (this.params.mediaType === "video") {
-			const sourceTimeTicks = this.getSourceLocalTime({ time });
-			const frame = await videoCache.getFrameAt({
-				mediaId: this.params.mediaId,
-				file: this.params.file,
-				time: mediaTimeToSeconds({ time: sourceTimeTicks }),
-			});
-
-			if (!frame) {
-				return null;
-			}
-
-			return {
-				source: frame.canvas,
-				width: frame.canvas.width,
-				height: frame.canvas.height,
-			};
-		}
-
-		if (!this.cachedImageSource) {
-			return null;
-		}
-
-		const { source, width, height } = await this.cachedImageSource;
-		return { source, width, height };
-	}
-
-	async render({ renderer, time }: { renderer: CanvasRenderer; time: number }) {
-		await super.render({ renderer, time });
-
-		if (!this.isInRange({ time })) {
-			return;
-		}
-
-		const backdropSource = await this.getBackdropSource({ time });
-		if (!backdropSource) {
-			return;
-		}
-
-		const offscreen = createOffscreenCanvas({
-			width: renderer.width,
-			height: renderer.height,
-		});
-		const offscreenCtx = offscreen.getContext("2d") as
-			| CanvasRenderingContext2D
-			| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
-			| null;
-		if (!offscreenCtx) {
-			return;
-		}
-
-		const coverScale = Math.max(
-			renderer.width / backdropSource.width,
-			renderer.height / backdropSource.height,
-		);
-		const scaledWidth = backdropSource.width * coverScale;
-		const scaledHeight = backdropSource.height * coverScale;
-		const offsetX = (renderer.width - scaledWidth) / 2;
-		const offsetY = (renderer.height - scaledHeight) / 2;
-
-		offscreenCtx.drawImage(
-			backdropSource.source,
-			offsetX,
-			offsetY,
-			scaledWidth,
-			scaledHeight,
-		);
-
-		const passes = buildGaussianBlurPasses({
-			sigmaX: intensityToSigma({ intensity: this.params.blurIntensity, resolution: renderer.width, reference: 1920 }),
-			sigmaY: intensityToSigma({ intensity: this.params.blurIntensity, resolution: renderer.height, reference: 1080 }),
-		});
-		const effectResult = gpuRenderer.applyEffect({
-			source: offscreen as CanvasImageSource,
-			width: renderer.width,
-			height: renderer.height,
-			passes,
-		});
-
-		renderer.context.drawImage(
-			effectResult,
-			0,
-			0,
-			renderer.width,
-			renderer.height,
-		);
-	}
+export interface ResolvedBlurBackgroundNodeState {
+	backdropSource: BackdropSource;
+	passes: EffectPass[];
 }
+
+export class BlurBackgroundNode extends BaseNode<
+	BlurBackgroundNodeParams,
+	ResolvedBlurBackgroundNodeState
+> {}
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/color-node.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/color-node.ts
index d3afbf9b..493fef64 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/color-node.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/color-node.ts
@@ -1,31 +1,7 @@
-import { drawCssBackground } from "@/lib/gradients";
-import type { CanvasRenderer } from "../canvas-renderer";
 import { BaseNode } from "./base-node";
 
 export type ColorNodeParams = {
 	color: string;
 };
 
-export class ColorNode extends BaseNode<ColorNodeParams> {
-	private color: string;
-
-	constructor(params: ColorNodeParams) {
-		super(params);
-		this.color = params.color;
-	}
-
-	async render({ renderer }: { renderer: CanvasRenderer }) {
-		if (/gradient\(/i.test(this.color)) {
-			drawCssBackground({
-				ctx: renderer.context,
-				width: renderer.width,
-				height: renderer.height,
-				css: this.color,
-			});
-			return;
-		}
-
-		renderer.context.fillStyle = this.color;
-		renderer.context.fillRect(0, 0, renderer.width, renderer.height);
-	}
-}
+export class ColorNode extends BaseNode<ColorNodeParams> {}
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/effect-layer-node.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/effect-layer-node.ts
index d8389fb5..d6e70fcf 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/effect-layer-node.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/effect-layer-node.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-import type { CanvasRenderer } from "../canvas-renderer";
-import { effectsRegistry, resolveEffectPasses } from "@/lib/effects";
+import type { EffectPass } from "@/lib/effects/types";
 import type { ParamValues } from "@/lib/params";
 import { BaseNode } from "./base-node";
-import { gpuRenderer } from "../gpu-renderer";
-
-const TIME_EPSILON = 1e-6;
 
 export type EffectLayerNodeParams = {
 	effectType: string;
@@ -13,69 +9,11 @@ export type EffectLayerNodeParams = {
 	duration: number;
 };
 
-function isInRange({
-	time,
-	timeOffset,
-	duration,
-}: {
-	time: number;
-	timeOffset: number;
-	duration: number;
-}): boolean {
-	return (
-		time >= timeOffset - TIME_EPSILON &&
-		time < timeOffset + duration + TIME_EPSILON
-	);
-}
-
-// snapshots whatever is currently on the canvas, applies the effect, draws it back
-export class EffectLayerNode extends BaseNode<EffectLayerNodeParams> {
-	async render({
-		renderer,
-		time,
-	}: {
-		renderer: CanvasRenderer;
-		time: number;
-	}): Promise<void> {
-		if (
-			!isInRange({
-				time,
-				timeOffset: this.params.timeOffset,
-				duration: this.params.duration,
-			})
-		) {
-			return;
-		}
-
-		const source = renderer.context.canvas as CanvasImageSource;
-
-		const effectDefinition = effectsRegistry.get(this.params.effectType);
-
-		const passes = resolveEffectPasses({
-			definition: effectDefinition,
-			effectParams: this.params.effectParams,
-			width: renderer.width,
-			height: renderer.height,
-		});
-		if (passes.length === 0) {
-			return;
-		}
-		const effectResult = gpuRenderer.applyEffect({
-			source,
-			width: renderer.width,
-			height: renderer.height,
-			passes,
-		});
+export type ResolvedEffectLayerNodeState = {
+	passes: EffectPass[];
+};
 
-		renderer.context.save();
-		renderer.context.clearRect(0, 0, renderer.width, renderer.height);
-		renderer.context.drawImage(
-			effectResult,
-			0,
-			0,
-			renderer.width,
-			renderer.height,
-		);
-		renderer.context.restore();
-	}
-}
+export class EffectLayerNode extends BaseNode<
+	EffectLayerNodeParams,
+	ResolvedEffectLayerNodeState
+> {}
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/graphic-node.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/graphic-node.ts
index 0a3dc408..494d2179 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/graphic-node.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/graphic-node.ts
@@ -1,92 +1,74 @@
-import type { CanvasRenderer } from "../canvas-renderer";

-import { createOffscreenCanvas } from "../canvas-utils";

-import {

-	DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,

-	getGraphicDefinition,

-	registerDefaultGraphics,

-} from "@/lib/graphics";

-import { resolveGraphicParamsAtTime } from "@/lib/animation";

-import type { ParamValues } from "@/lib/params";

-import { VisualNode, type VisualNodeParams } from "./visual-node";

-

-export interface GraphicNodeParams extends VisualNodeParams {

-	definitionId: string;

-	params: ParamValues;

-}

-

-export class GraphicNode extends VisualNode<GraphicNodeParams> {

-	private cachedKey: string | null = null;

-	private cachedSource: OffscreenCanvas | HTMLCanvasElement | null = null;

-

-	constructor(params: GraphicNodeParams) {

-		super(params);

-		registerDefaultGraphics();

-	}

-

-	private getSource({

-		localTime,

-	}: {

-		localTime: number;

-	}): OffscreenCanvas | HTMLCanvasElement | null {

-		const definition = getGraphicDefinition({

-			definitionId: this.params.definitionId,

-		});

-		const resolvedParams = resolveGraphicParamsAtTime({

-			element: this.params,

-			localTime,

-		});

-		const cacheKey = JSON.stringify({

-			definitionId: this.params.definitionId,

-			params: resolvedParams,

-		});

-		if (this.cachedSource && this.cachedKey === cacheKey) {

-			return this.cachedSource;

-		}

-

-		const canvas = createOffscreenCanvas({

-			width: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,

-			height: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,

-		});

-		const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d") as

-			| CanvasRenderingContext2D

-			| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D

-			| null;

-		if (!ctx) {

-			return null;

-		}

-

-		definition.render({

-			ctx,

-			params: resolvedParams,

-			width: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,

-			height: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,

-		});

-

-		this.cachedKey = cacheKey;

-		this.cachedSource = canvas;

-		return canvas;

-	}

-

-	async render({ renderer, time }: { renderer: CanvasRenderer; time: number }) {

-		await super.render({ renderer, time });

-

-		if (!this.isInRange({ time })) {

-			return;

-		}

-

-		const source = this.getSource({

-			localTime: this.getAnimationLocalTime({ time }),

-		});

-		if (!source) {

-			return;

-		}

-

-		this.renderVisual({

-			renderer,

-			source,

-			sourceWidth: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,

-			sourceHeight: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,

-			timelineTime: time,

-		});

-	}

-}

+import { createOffscreenCanvas } from "../canvas-utils";
+import {
+	DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,
+	getGraphicDefinition,
+	registerDefaultGraphics,
+} from "@/lib/graphics";
+import type { ParamValues } from "@/lib/params";
+import {
+	VisualNode,
+	type ResolvedVisualNodeState,
+	type VisualNodeParams,
+} from "./visual-node";
+
+export interface GraphicNodeParams extends VisualNodeParams {
+	definitionId: string;
+	params: ParamValues;
+}
+
+export interface ResolvedGraphicNodeState extends ResolvedVisualNodeState {
+	resolvedParams: ParamValues;
+}
+
+export class GraphicNode extends VisualNode<
+	GraphicNodeParams,
+	ResolvedGraphicNodeState
+> {
+	private cachedKey: string | null = null;
+	private cachedSource: OffscreenCanvas | HTMLCanvasElement | null = null;
+
+	constructor(params: GraphicNodeParams) {
+		super(params);
+		registerDefaultGraphics();
+	}
+
+	getSource({
+		resolvedParams,
+	}: {
+		resolvedParams: ParamValues;
+	}): OffscreenCanvas | HTMLCanvasElement | null {
+		const definition = getGraphicDefinition({
+			definitionId: this.params.definitionId,
+		});
+		const cacheKey = JSON.stringify({
+			definitionId: this.params.definitionId,
+			params: resolvedParams,
+		});
+		if (this.cachedSource && this.cachedKey === cacheKey) {
+			return this.cachedSource;
+		}
+
+		const canvas = createOffscreenCanvas({
+			width: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,
+			height: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,
+		});
+		const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d") as
+			| CanvasRenderingContext2D
+			| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
+			| null;
+		if (!ctx) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		definition.render({
+			ctx,
+			params: resolvedParams,
+			width: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,
+			height: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,
+		});
+
+		this.cachedKey = cacheKey;
+		this.cachedSource = canvas;
+		return canvas;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/image-node.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/image-node.ts
index 7d74f511..d8c56803 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/image-node.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/image-node.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
-import type { CanvasRenderer } from "../canvas-renderer";
-import { VisualNode, type VisualNodeParams } from "./visual-node";
+import {
+	VisualNode,
+	type ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState,
+	type VisualNodeParams,
+} from "./visual-node";
 
 export interface ImageNodeParams extends VisualNodeParams {
 	url: string;
@@ -62,29 +65,7 @@ export function loadImageSource(
 	return promise;
 }
 
-export class ImageNode extends VisualNode<ImageNodeParams> {
-	private cachedSource: Promise<CachedImageSource>;
-
-	constructor(params: ImageNodeParams) {
-		super(params);
-		this.cachedSource = loadImageSource(params.url, params.maxSourceSize);
-	}
-
-	async render({ renderer, time }: { renderer: CanvasRenderer; time: number }) {
-		await super.render({ renderer, time });
-
-		if (!this.isInRange({ time })) {
-			return;
-		}
-
-		const { source, width, height } = await this.cachedSource;
-
-		this.renderVisual({
-			renderer,
-			source,
-			sourceWidth: width || renderer.width,
-			sourceHeight: height || renderer.height,
-			timelineTime: time,
-		});
-	}
-}
+export class ImageNode extends VisualNode<
+	ImageNodeParams,
+	ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState
+> {}
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/sticker-node.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/sticker-node.ts
index 71cb37b5..3c155cb6 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/sticker-node.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/sticker-node.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
-import type { CanvasRenderer } from "../canvas-renderer";
 import { resolveStickerId } from "@/lib/stickers";
-import { VisualNode, type VisualNodeParams } from "./visual-node";
+import {
+	VisualNode,
+	type ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState,
+	type VisualNodeParams,
+} from "./visual-node";
 
 export interface StickerNodeParams extends VisualNodeParams {
 	stickerId: string;
@@ -16,7 +19,11 @@ interface CachedStickerSource {
 
 const stickerSourceCache = new Map<string, Promise<CachedStickerSource>>();
 
-function loadStickerSource({ stickerId }: { stickerId: string }): Promise<CachedStickerSource> {
+export function loadStickerSource({
+	stickerId,
+}: {
+	stickerId: string;
+}): Promise<CachedStickerSource> {
 	const cached = stickerSourceCache.get(stickerId);
 	if (cached) return cached;
 
@@ -42,35 +49,7 @@ function loadStickerSource({ stickerId }: { stickerId: string }): Promise<Cached
 	return promise;
 }
 
-export class StickerNode extends VisualNode<StickerNodeParams> {
-	private cachedSource: Promise<CachedStickerSource>;
-
-	constructor(params: StickerNodeParams) {
-		super(params);
-		this.cachedSource = loadStickerSource({ stickerId: params.stickerId });
-	}
-
-	async render({ renderer, time }: { renderer: CanvasRenderer; time: number }) {
-		await super.render({ renderer, time });
-
-		if (!this.isInRange({ time })) {
-			return;
-		}
-
-		const { source, width: loadedWidth, height: loadedHeight } =
-			await this.cachedSource;
-
-		// Prefer element-stored intrinsic dimensions as the geometry authority.
-		// The loaded image is only the drawable source.
-		const sourceWidth = this.params.intrinsicWidth ?? loadedWidth;
-		const sourceHeight = this.params.intrinsicHeight ?? loadedHeight;
-
-		this.renderVisual({
-			renderer,
-			source,
-			sourceWidth,
-			sourceHeight,
-			timelineTime: time,
-		});
-	}
-}
+export class StickerNode extends VisualNode<
+	StickerNodeParams,
+	ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState
+> {}
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/text-node.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/text-node.ts
index 643e538a..fc503991 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/text-node.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/text-node.ts
@@ -1,289 +1,129 @@
-import type { CanvasRenderer } from "../canvas-renderer";
-import { createOffscreenCanvas } from "../canvas-utils";
 import { BaseNode } from "./base-node";
 import type { TextElement } from "@/lib/timeline";
+import type { EffectPass } from "@/lib/effects/types";
+import type { Transform } from "@/lib/rendering";
 import {
 	CORNER_RADIUS_MAX,
 	CORNER_RADIUS_MIN,
 } from "@/constants/text-constants";
 import {
-	getMetricAscent,
-	getMetricDescent,
+	drawTextDecoration,
 	getTextBackgroundRect,
 	setCanvasLetterSpacing,
 } from "@/lib/text/layout";
-import { measureTextElement } from "@/lib/text/measure-element";
-import {
-	getElementLocalTime,
-	resolveColorAtTime,
-	resolveOpacityAtTime,
-	resolveTransformAtTime,
-} from "@/lib/animation";
-import { resolveEffectParamsAtTime } from "@/lib/animation/effect-param-channel";
-import { effectsRegistry, resolveEffectPasses } from "@/lib/effects";
-import { gpuRenderer } from "../gpu-renderer";
+import type { MeasuredTextElement } from "@/lib/text/measure-element";
 import { clamp } from "@/utils/math";
 
-const TEXT_DECORATION_THICKNESS_RATIO = 0.07;
-const STRIKETHROUGH_VERTICAL_RATIO = 0.35;
-
-function drawTextDecoration({
-	ctx,
-	textDecoration,
-	lineWidth,
-	lineY,
-	metrics,
-	scaledFontSize,
-	textAlign,
-}: {
-	ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D | OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D;
-	textDecoration: string;
-	lineWidth: number;
-	lineY: number;
-	metrics: TextMetrics;
-	scaledFontSize: number;
-	textAlign: CanvasTextAlign;
-}): void {
-	if (textDecoration === "none" || !textDecoration) return;
-
-	const thickness = Math.max(
-		1,
-		scaledFontSize * TEXT_DECORATION_THICKNESS_RATIO,
-	);
-	const ascent = getMetricAscent({ metrics, fallbackFontSize: scaledFontSize });
-	const descent = getMetricDescent({
-		metrics,
-		fallbackFontSize: scaledFontSize,
-	});
-
-	let xStart = -lineWidth / 2;
-	if (textAlign === "left") xStart = 0;
-	if (textAlign === "right") xStart = -lineWidth;
-
-	if (textDecoration === "underline") {
-		const underlineY = lineY + descent + thickness;
-		ctx.fillRect(xStart, underlineY, lineWidth, thickness);
-	}
-
-	if (textDecoration === "line-through") {
-		const strikeY = lineY - (ascent - descent) * STRIKETHROUGH_VERTICAL_RATIO;
-		ctx.fillRect(xStart, strikeY, lineWidth, thickness);
-	}
-}
-
 export type TextNodeParams = TextElement & {
 	canvasCenter: { x: number; y: number };
 	canvasHeight: number;
 	textBaseline?: CanvasTextBaseline;
 };
 
-export class TextNode extends BaseNode<TextNodeParams> {
-	isInRange({ time }: { time: number }) {
-		return (
-			time >= this.params.startTime &&
-			time < this.params.startTime + this.params.duration
-		);
-	}
+export interface ResolvedTextNodeState {
+	transform: Transform;
+	opacity: number;
+	textColor: string;
+	backgroundColor: string;
+	effectPasses: EffectPass[][];
+	measuredText: MeasuredTextElement;
+}
 
-	async render({ renderer, time }: { renderer: CanvasRenderer; time: number }) {
-		if (!this.isInRange({ time })) {
-			return;
-		}
+export class TextNode extends BaseNode<TextNodeParams, ResolvedTextNodeState> {}
 
-		const localTime = getElementLocalTime({
-			timelineTime: time,
-			elementStartTime: this.params.startTime,
-			elementDuration: this.params.duration,
-		});
-		const transform = resolveTransformAtTime({
-			baseTransform: this.params.transform,
-			animations: this.params.animations,
-			localTime,
-		});
-		const opacity = resolveOpacityAtTime({
-			baseOpacity: this.params.opacity,
-			animations: this.params.animations,
-			localTime,
-		});
+export function renderTextToContext({
+	node,
+	ctx,
+}: {
+	node: TextNode;
+	ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D | OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D;
+}): void {
+	const resolved = node.resolved;
+	if (!resolved) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	const x = resolved.transform.position.x + node.params.canvasCenter.x;
+	const y = resolved.transform.position.y + node.params.canvasCenter.y;
+	const baseline = node.params.textBaseline ?? "middle";
+	const {
+		scaledFontSize,
+		fontString,
+		letterSpacing,
+		lineHeightPx,
+		lines,
+		lineMetrics,
+		block,
+		fontSizeRatio,
+		resolvedBackground,
+	} = resolved.measuredText;
+	const lineCount = lines.length;
+	const resolvedBackgroundWithColor = {
+		...resolvedBackground,
+		color: resolved.backgroundColor,
+	};
 
-		const x = transform.position.x + this.params.canvasCenter.x;
-		const y = transform.position.y + this.params.canvasCenter.y;
+	ctx.save();
+	ctx.translate(x, y);
+	ctx.scale(resolved.transform.scaleX, resolved.transform.scaleY);
+	if (resolved.transform.rotate) {
+		ctx.rotate((resolved.transform.rotate * Math.PI) / 180);
+	}
 
-		const baseline = this.params.textBaseline ?? "middle";
-		const blendMode = (
-			this.params.blendMode && this.params.blendMode !== "normal"
-				? this.params.blendMode
-				: "source-over"
-		) as GlobalCompositeOperation;
+	ctx.font = fontString;
+	ctx.textAlign = node.params.textAlign;
+	ctx.textBaseline = baseline;
+	ctx.fillStyle = resolved.textColor;
+	setCanvasLetterSpacing({ ctx, letterSpacingPx: letterSpacing });
 
-		const {
-			scaledFontSize,
-			fontString,
-			letterSpacing,
-			lineHeightPx,
-			lines,
-			lineMetrics,
+	if (
+		node.params.background.enabled &&
+		node.params.background.color &&
+		node.params.background.color !== "transparent" &&
+		lineCount > 0
+	) {
+		const backgroundRect = getTextBackgroundRect({
+			textAlign: node.params.textAlign,
 			block,
+			background: resolvedBackgroundWithColor,
 			fontSizeRatio,
-			resolvedBackground,
-		} = measureTextElement({
-			element: this.params,
-			canvasHeight: this.params.canvasHeight,
-			localTime,
-			ctx: renderer.context,
-		});
-
-		const lineCount = lines.length;
-
-		const textColor = resolveColorAtTime({
-			baseColor: this.params.color,
-			animations: this.params.animations,
-			propertyPath: "color",
-			localTime,
 		});
-		const resolvedBackgroundWithColor = {
-			...resolvedBackground,
-			color: resolveColorAtTime({
-				baseColor: this.params.background.color,
-				animations: this.params.animations,
-				propertyPath: "background.color",
-				localTime,
-			}),
-		};
-
-		const drawContent = (
-			ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D | OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D,
-		) => {
-			ctx.font = fontString;
-			ctx.textAlign = this.params.textAlign;
-			ctx.textBaseline = baseline;
-			ctx.fillStyle = textColor;
-			setCanvasLetterSpacing({ ctx, letterSpacingPx: letterSpacing });
-
-			if (
-				this.params.background.enabled &&
-				this.params.background.color &&
-				this.params.background.color !== "transparent" &&
-				lineCount > 0
-			) {
-				const backgroundRect = getTextBackgroundRect({
-					textAlign: this.params.textAlign,
-					block,
-					background: resolvedBackgroundWithColor,
-					fontSizeRatio,
-				});
-				if (backgroundRect) {
-					const p =
-						clamp({
-							value: resolvedBackgroundWithColor.cornerRadius,
-							min: CORNER_RADIUS_MIN,
-							max: CORNER_RADIUS_MAX,
-						}) / 100;
-					const radius =
-						(Math.min(backgroundRect.width, backgroundRect.height) / 2) * p;
-					ctx.fillStyle = resolvedBackgroundWithColor.color;
-					ctx.beginPath();
-					ctx.roundRect(
-						backgroundRect.left,
-						backgroundRect.top,
-						backgroundRect.width,
-						backgroundRect.height,
-						radius,
-					);
-					ctx.fill();
-					ctx.fillStyle = textColor;
-				}
-			}
-
-			for (let i = 0; i < lineCount; i++) {
-				const lineY = i * lineHeightPx - block.visualCenterOffset;
-				ctx.fillText(lines[i], 0, lineY);
-				drawTextDecoration({
-					ctx,
-					textDecoration: this.params.textDecoration ?? "none",
-					lineWidth: lineMetrics[i].width,
-					lineY,
-					metrics: lineMetrics[i],
-					scaledFontSize,
-					textAlign: this.params.textAlign,
-				});
-			}
-		};
-
-		const applyTransform = (
-			ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D | OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D,
-		) => {
-			ctx.translate(x, y);
-			ctx.scale(transform.scaleX, transform.scaleY);
-			if (transform.rotate) {
-				ctx.rotate((transform.rotate * Math.PI) / 180);
-			}
-		};
-
-		const enabledEffects =
-			this.params.effects?.filter((effect) => effect.enabled) ?? [];
-
-		if (enabledEffects.length === 0) {
-			renderer.context.save();
-			applyTransform(renderer.context);
-			renderer.context.globalCompositeOperation = blendMode;
-			renderer.context.globalAlpha = opacity;
-			drawContent(renderer.context);
-			renderer.context.restore();
-			return;
+		if (backgroundRect) {
+			const p =
+				clamp({
+					value: resolvedBackgroundWithColor.cornerRadius,
+					min: CORNER_RADIUS_MIN,
+					max: CORNER_RADIUS_MAX,
+				}) / 100;
+			const radius =
+				(Math.min(backgroundRect.width, backgroundRect.height) / 2) * p;
+			ctx.fillStyle = resolvedBackgroundWithColor.color;
+			ctx.beginPath();
+			ctx.roundRect(
+				backgroundRect.left,
+				backgroundRect.top,
+				backgroundRect.width,
+				backgroundRect.height,
+				radius,
+			);
+			ctx.fill();
+			ctx.fillStyle = resolved.textColor;
 		}
+	}
 
-		// Effects path: render text to a same-size offscreen canvas so the blur
-		// can spread into the surrounding transparent area without hard clipping.
-		const offscreen = createOffscreenCanvas({
-			width: renderer.width,
-			height: renderer.height,
+	for (let index = 0; index < lineCount; index++) {
+		const lineY = index * lineHeightPx - block.visualCenterOffset;
+		ctx.fillText(lines[index], 0, lineY);
+		drawTextDecoration({
+			ctx,
+			textDecoration: node.params.textDecoration ?? "none",
+			lineWidth: lineMetrics[index].width,
+			lineY,
+			metrics: lineMetrics[index],
+			scaledFontSize,
+			textAlign: node.params.textAlign,
 		});
-		const offscreenCtx = offscreen.getContext(
-			"2d",
-		) as OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D | null;
-
-		if (!offscreenCtx) {
-			renderer.context.save();
-			applyTransform(renderer.context);
-			renderer.context.globalCompositeOperation = blendMode;
-			renderer.context.globalAlpha = opacity;
-			drawContent(renderer.context);
-			renderer.context.restore();
-			return;
-		}
-
-		offscreenCtx.save();
-		applyTransform(offscreenCtx);
-		drawContent(offscreenCtx);
-		offscreenCtx.restore();
-
-		let currentSource: CanvasImageSource = offscreen;
-		for (const effect of enabledEffects) {
-			const resolvedParams = resolveEffectParamsAtTime({
-				effect,
-				animations: this.params.animations,
-				localTime,
-			});
-			const definition = effectsRegistry.get(effect.type);
-			const passes = resolveEffectPasses({
-				definition,
-				effectParams: resolvedParams,
-				width: renderer.width,
-				height: renderer.height,
-			});
-			currentSource = gpuRenderer.applyEffect({
-				source: currentSource,
-				width: renderer.width,
-				height: renderer.height,
-				passes,
-			});
-		}
-
-		renderer.context.save();
-		renderer.context.globalCompositeOperation = blendMode;
-		renderer.context.globalAlpha = opacity;
-		renderer.context.drawImage(currentSource, 0, 0);
-		renderer.context.restore();
 	}
+
+	ctx.restore();
 }
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/video-node.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/video-node.ts
index 4f225567..a903e2b2 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/video-node.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/video-node.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import type { CanvasRenderer } from "../canvas-renderer";
-import { mediaTimeToSeconds } from "opencut-wasm";
-import { VisualNode, type VisualNodeParams } from "./visual-node";
-import { videoCache } from "@/services/video-cache/service";
+import {
+	VisualNode,
+	type ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState,
+	type VisualNodeParams,
+} from "./visual-node";
 
 export interface VideoNodeParams extends VisualNodeParams {
 	url: string;
@@ -9,31 +10,7 @@ export interface VideoNodeParams extends VisualNodeParams {
 	mediaId: string;
 }
 
-export class VideoNode extends VisualNode<VideoNodeParams> {
-	async render({ renderer, time }: { renderer: CanvasRenderer; time: number }) {
-		await super.render({ renderer, time });
-
-		if (!this.isInRange({ time })) {
-			return;
-		}
-
-		const videoTimeTicks = this.getSourceLocalTime({ time });
-		const videoTimeSeconds = mediaTimeToSeconds({ time: videoTimeTicks });
-
-		const frame = await videoCache.getFrameAt({
-			mediaId: this.params.mediaId,
-			file: this.params.file,
-			time: videoTimeSeconds,
-		});
-
-		if (frame) {
-			this.renderVisual({
-				renderer,
-				source: frame.canvas,
-				sourceWidth: frame.canvas.width,
-				sourceHeight: frame.canvas.height,
-				timelineTime: time,
-			});
-		}
-	}
-}
+export class VideoNode extends VisualNode<
+	VideoNodeParams,
+	ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState
+> {}
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/visual-node.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/visual-node.ts
index 4a5fcdc6..010f146e 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/visual-node.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/nodes/visual-node.ts
@@ -1,22 +1,8 @@
-import type { CanvasRenderer } from "../canvas-renderer";
-import { createOffscreenCanvas } from "../canvas-utils";
 import { BaseNode } from "./base-node";
-import type { Effect } from "@/lib/effects/types";
+import type { Effect, EffectPass } from "@/lib/effects/types";
 import type { Mask } from "@/lib/masks/types";
 import type { BlendMode, Transform } from "@/lib/rendering";
-import type { ElementAnimations } from "@/lib/animation/types";
-import type { RetimeConfig } from "@/lib/timeline";
-import {
-	getElementLocalTime,
-	resolveOpacityAtTime,
-	resolveTransformAtTime,
-} from "@/lib/animation";
-import { resolveEffectParamsAtTime } from "@/lib/animation/effect-param-channel";
-import { effectsRegistry, resolveEffectPasses } from "@/lib/effects";
-import { masksRegistry } from "@/lib/masks";
-import { getSourceTimeAtClipTime } from "@/lib/retime";
-import { gpuRenderer } from "../gpu-renderer";
-import { applyMaskFeather } from "../mask-feather";
+import type { RetimeConfig, VisualElement } from "@/lib/timeline";
 
 export interface VisualNodeParams {
 	duration: number;
@@ -25,270 +11,28 @@ export interface VisualNodeParams {
 	trimEnd: number;
 	retime?: RetimeConfig;
 	transform: Transform;
-	animations?: ElementAnimations;
+	animations?: VisualElement["animations"];
 	opacity: number;
 	blendMode?: BlendMode;
 	effects?: Effect[];
 	masks?: Mask[];
 }
 
-export abstract class VisualNode<
-	Params extends VisualNodeParams = VisualNodeParams,
-> extends BaseNode<Params> {
-	protected getSourceLocalTime({ time }: { time: number }): number {
-		const clipTime = time - this.params.timeOffset;
-		return (
-			this.params.trimStart +
-			getSourceTimeAtClipTime({
-				clipTime,
-				retime: this.params.retime,
-			})
-		);
-	}
-
-	protected getAnimationLocalTime({ time }: { time: number }): number {
-		return getElementLocalTime({
-			timelineTime: time,
-			elementStartTime: this.params.timeOffset,
-			elementDuration: this.params.duration,
-		});
-	}
-
-	protected isInRange({ time }: { time: number }): boolean {
-		const localTime = time - this.params.timeOffset;
-		return (
-			localTime >= 0 &&
-			localTime < this.params.duration
-		);
-	}
-
-	protected renderVisual({
-		renderer,
-		source,
-		sourceWidth,
-		sourceHeight,
-		timelineTime,
-	}: {
-		renderer: CanvasRenderer;
-		source: CanvasImageSource;
-		sourceWidth: number;
-		sourceHeight: number;
-		timelineTime: number;
-	}): void {
-		renderer.context.save();
-
-		const animationLocalTime = this.getAnimationLocalTime({
-			time: timelineTime,
-		});
-		const transform = resolveTransformAtTime({
-			baseTransform: this.params.transform,
-			animations: this.params.animations,
-			localTime: animationLocalTime,
-		});
-		const opacity = resolveOpacityAtTime({
-			baseOpacity: this.params.opacity,
-			animations: this.params.animations,
-			localTime: animationLocalTime,
-		});
-		const containScale = Math.min(
-			renderer.width / sourceWidth,
-			renderer.height / sourceHeight,
-		);
-		const scaledWidth = sourceWidth * containScale * transform.scaleX;
-		const scaledHeight = sourceHeight * containScale * transform.scaleY;
-		const absWidth = Math.abs(scaledWidth);
-		const absHeight = Math.abs(scaledHeight);
-		const x = renderer.width / 2 + transform.position.x - absWidth / 2;
-		const y = renderer.height / 2 + transform.position.y - absHeight / 2;
-
-		renderer.context.globalCompositeOperation = (
-			this.params.blendMode && this.params.blendMode !== "normal"
-				? this.params.blendMode
-				: "source-over"
-		) as GlobalCompositeOperation;
-		renderer.context.globalAlpha = opacity;
-
-		const flipX = scaledWidth < 0 ? -1 : 1;
-		const flipY = scaledHeight < 0 ? -1 : 1;
-		const needsTransform = transform.rotate !== 0 || flipX !== 1 || flipY !== 1;
-
-		if (needsTransform) {
-			const centerX = x + absWidth / 2;
-			const centerY = y + absHeight / 2;
-			renderer.context.translate(centerX, centerY);
-			renderer.context.rotate((transform.rotate * Math.PI) / 180);
-			renderer.context.scale(flipX, flipY);
-			renderer.context.translate(-centerX, -centerY);
-		}
-
-		const enabledEffects =
-			this.params.effects?.filter((effect) => effect.enabled) ?? [];
-		const activeMasks = this.params.masks ?? [];
-
-		if (activeMasks.length === 0 && enabledEffects.length === 0) {
-			renderer.context.drawImage(source, x, y, absWidth, absHeight);
-			renderer.context.restore();
-			return;
-		}
-
-		const currentResult =
-			enabledEffects.length > 0
-				? this.applyEffects({
-						source,
-						effects: enabledEffects,
-						width: absWidth,
-						height: absHeight,
-						animationLocalTime,
-					})
-				: source;
-
-		if (activeMasks.length === 0) {
-			renderer.context.drawImage(currentResult, x, y, absWidth, absHeight);
-			renderer.context.restore();
-			return;
-		}
-
-		const elementCanvas = createOffscreenCanvas({
-			width: Math.round(absWidth),
-			height: Math.round(absHeight),
-		});
-		const elementCtx = elementCanvas.getContext("2d") as
-			| CanvasRenderingContext2D
-			| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
-			| null;
-		if (!elementCtx) {
-			renderer.context.drawImage(currentResult, x, y, absWidth, absHeight);
-			renderer.context.restore();
-			return;
-		}
-
-		elementCtx.drawImage(currentResult, 0, 0, absWidth, absHeight);
-
-		for (const mask of activeMasks) {
-			this.applyMask({
-				mask,
-				elementCtx,
-				scaledWidth: absWidth,
-				scaledHeight: absHeight,
-			});
-		}
-
-		renderer.context.drawImage(elementCanvas, x, y, absWidth, absHeight);
-		renderer.context.restore();
-	}
-
-	private applyEffects({
-		source,
-		effects,
-		width,
-		height,
-		animationLocalTime,
-	}: {
-		source: CanvasImageSource;
-		effects: Effect[];
-		width: number;
-		height: number;
-		animationLocalTime: number;
-	}): CanvasImageSource {
-		let current: CanvasImageSource = source;
-		for (const effect of effects) {
-			const resolvedParams = resolveEffectParamsAtTime({
-				effect,
-				animations: this.params.animations,
-				localTime: animationLocalTime,
-			});
-			const definition = effectsRegistry.get(effect.type);
-			const passes = resolveEffectPasses({
-				definition,
-				effectParams: resolvedParams,
-				width,
-				height,
-			});
-			current = gpuRenderer.applyEffect({
-				source: current,
-				width: Math.round(width),
-				height: Math.round(height),
-				passes,
-			});
-		}
-		return current;
-	}
-
-	private applyMask({
-		mask,
-		elementCtx,
-		scaledWidth,
-		scaledHeight,
-	}: {
-		mask: Mask;
-		elementCtx: CanvasRenderingContext2D | OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D;
-		scaledWidth: number;
-		scaledHeight: number;
-	}): void {
-		const definition = masksRegistry.get(mask.type);
-		const { feather, inverted } = mask.params;
-
-		const maskCanvas = createOffscreenCanvas({
-			width: Math.round(scaledWidth),
-			height: Math.round(scaledHeight),
-		});
-		const maskCtx = maskCanvas.getContext("2d") as
-			| CanvasRenderingContext2D
-			| OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D
-			| null;
-		if (!maskCtx) return;
-
-		maskCtx.clearRect(0, 0, scaledWidth, scaledHeight);
-
-		let maskResult: CanvasImageSource = maskCanvas;
-		let path: Path2D | null = null;
-
-		if (feather > 0 && definition.renderer.renderMask) {
-			// Bypasses JFA — avoids the two-sided distance artifact where strips
-			// near the canvas edge appear semi-transparent.
-			definition.renderer.renderMask({
-				resolvedParams: mask.params,
-				ctx: maskCtx,
-				width: Math.round(scaledWidth),
-				height: Math.round(scaledHeight),
-				feather,
-			});
-		} else {
-			path = definition.renderer.buildPath({
-				resolvedParams: mask.params,
-				width: scaledWidth,
-				height: scaledHeight,
-			});
-			maskCtx.fillStyle = "white";
-			maskCtx.fill(path);
-
-			if (feather > 0) {
-				maskResult = applyMaskFeather({
-					maskCanvas,
-					width: Math.round(scaledWidth),
-					height: Math.round(scaledHeight),
-					feather,
-				});
-			}
-		}
-
-		elementCtx.globalCompositeOperation = inverted
-			? "destination-out"
-			: "destination-in";
-		elementCtx.drawImage(maskResult, 0, 0, scaledWidth, scaledHeight);
-		elementCtx.globalCompositeOperation = "source-over";
-
-		const strokePath =
-			definition.renderer.buildStrokePath?.({
-				resolvedParams: mask.params,
-				width: scaledWidth,
-				height: scaledHeight,
-			}) ?? path;
+export interface ResolvedVisualNodeState {
+	localTime: number;
+	transform: Transform;
+	opacity: number;
+	effectPasses: EffectPass[][];
+}
 
-		if (mask.params.strokeWidth > 0 && strokePath) {
-			elementCtx.strokeStyle = mask.params.strokeColor;
-			elementCtx.lineWidth = mask.params.strokeWidth;
-			elementCtx.stroke(strokePath);
-		}
-	}
+export interface ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState
+	extends ResolvedVisualNodeState {
+	source: CanvasImageSource;
+	sourceWidth: number;
+	sourceHeight: number;
 }
+
+export abstract class VisualNode<
+	Params extends VisualNodeParams = VisualNodeParams,
+	Resolved extends ResolvedVisualNodeState = ResolvedVisualNodeState,
+> extends BaseNode<Params, Resolved> {}
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/resolve.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/resolve.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f30f0d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/resolve.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+import { mediaTimeToSeconds } from "opencut-wasm";
+import {
+	getElementLocalTime,
+	resolveColorAtTime,
+	resolveGraphicParamsAtTime,
+	resolveOpacityAtTime,
+	resolveTransformAtTime,
+} from "@/lib/animation";
+import { resolveEffectParamsAtTime } from "@/lib/animation/effect-param-channel";
+import {
+	buildGaussianBlurPasses,
+	intensityToSigma,
+} from "@/lib/effects/definitions/blur";
+import { effectsRegistry, resolveEffectPasses } from "@/lib/effects";
+import type { Effect, EffectPass } from "@/lib/effects/types";
+import { getSourceTimeAtClipTime } from "@/lib/retime";
+import { DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE } from "@/lib/graphics";
+import {
+	getTextMeasurementContext,
+	measureTextElement,
+} from "@/lib/text/measure-element";
+import { videoCache } from "@/services/video-cache/service";
+import type { CanvasRenderer } from "./canvas-renderer";
+import type { AnyBaseNode } from "./nodes/base-node";
+import {
+	BlurBackgroundNode,
+	type BackdropSource,
+	type ResolvedBlurBackgroundNodeState,
+} from "./nodes/blur-background-node";
+import { EffectLayerNode, type ResolvedEffectLayerNodeState } from "./nodes/effect-layer-node";
+import {
+	GraphicNode,
+	type ResolvedGraphicNodeState,
+} from "./nodes/graphic-node";
+import { ImageNode, loadImageSource } from "./nodes/image-node";
+import { StickerNode, loadStickerSource } from "./nodes/sticker-node";
+import { TextNode, type ResolvedTextNodeState } from "./nodes/text-node";
+import { VideoNode } from "./nodes/video-node";
+import type {
+	ResolvedVisualNodeState,
+	ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState,
+	VisualNodeParams,
+} from "./nodes/visual-node";
+
+type ResolveContext = {
+	renderer: CanvasRenderer;
+	time: number;
+};
+
+export async function resolveRenderTree({
+	node,
+	renderer,
+	time,
+}: {
+	node: AnyBaseNode;
+	renderer: CanvasRenderer;
+	time: number;
+}): Promise<void> {
+	await resolveNode({
+		node,
+		context: {
+			renderer,
+			time,
+		},
+	});
+}
+
+async function resolveNode({
+	node,
+	context,
+}: {
+	node: AnyBaseNode;
+	context: ResolveContext;
+}): Promise<void> {
+	if (node instanceof VideoNode) {
+		node.resolved = await resolveVideoNode({ node, context });
+	} else if (node instanceof ImageNode) {
+		node.resolved = await resolveImageNode({ node, context });
+	} else if (node instanceof StickerNode) {
+		node.resolved = await resolveStickerNode({ node, context });
+	} else if (node instanceof GraphicNode) {
+		node.resolved = resolveGraphicNode({ node, context });
+	} else if (node instanceof TextNode) {
+		node.resolved = resolveTextNode({ node, context });
+	} else if (node instanceof BlurBackgroundNode) {
+		node.resolved = await resolveBlurBackgroundNode({ node, context });
+	} else if (node instanceof EffectLayerNode) {
+		node.resolved = resolveEffectLayerNode({ node, context });
+	}
+
+	await Promise.all(
+		node.children.map((child) => resolveNode({ node: child, context })),
+	);
+}
+
+function resolveEffectPassGroups({
+	effects,
+	animations,
+	localTime,
+	width,
+	height,
+}: {
+	effects: Effect[] | undefined;
+	animations: VisualNodeParams["animations"];
+	localTime: number;
+	width: number;
+	height: number;
+}): EffectPass[][] {
+	return (effects ?? [])
+		.filter((effect) => effect.enabled)
+		.map((effect) => {
+			const resolvedParams = resolveEffectParamsAtTime({
+				effect,
+				animations,
+				localTime,
+			});
+			const definition = effectsRegistry.get(effect.type);
+			return resolveEffectPasses({
+				definition,
+				effectParams: resolvedParams,
+				width,
+				height,
+			});
+		});
+}
+
+function resolveVisualState({
+	params,
+	context,
+	sourceWidth,
+	sourceHeight,
+}: {
+	params: VisualNodeParams;
+	context: ResolveContext;
+	sourceWidth: number;
+	sourceHeight: number;
+}): ResolvedVisualNodeState | null {
+	const clipTime = context.time - params.timeOffset;
+	if (clipTime < 0 || clipTime >= params.duration) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	const localTime = getElementLocalTime({
+		timelineTime: context.time,
+		elementStartTime: params.timeOffset,
+		elementDuration: params.duration,
+	});
+	const transform = resolveTransformAtTime({
+		baseTransform: params.transform,
+		animations: params.animations,
+		localTime,
+	});
+	const opacity = resolveOpacityAtTime({
+		baseOpacity: params.opacity,
+		animations: params.animations,
+		localTime,
+	});
+	const containScale = Math.min(
+		context.renderer.width / sourceWidth,
+		context.renderer.height / sourceHeight,
+	);
+	const effectWidth = Math.round(
+		Math.abs(sourceWidth * containScale * transform.scaleX),
+	);
+	const effectHeight = Math.round(
+		Math.abs(sourceHeight * containScale * transform.scaleY),
+	);
+
+	return {
+		localTime,
+		transform,
+		opacity,
+		effectPasses: resolveEffectPassGroups({
+			effects: params.effects,
+			animations: params.animations,
+			localTime,
+			width: effectWidth,
+			height: effectHeight,
+		}),
+	};
+}
+
+async function resolveVideoNode({
+	node,
+	context,
+}: {
+	node: VideoNode;
+	context: ResolveContext;
+}): Promise<ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState | null> {
+	const clipTime = context.time - node.params.timeOffset;
+	if (clipTime < 0 || clipTime >= node.params.duration) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	const sourceTimeTicks =
+		node.params.trimStart +
+		getSourceTimeAtClipTime({
+			clipTime,
+			retime: node.params.retime,
+		});
+	const frame = await videoCache.getFrameAt({
+		mediaId: node.params.mediaId,
+		file: node.params.file,
+		time: mediaTimeToSeconds({ time: sourceTimeTicks }),
+	});
+	if (!frame) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	const visualState = resolveVisualState({
+		params: node.params,
+		context,
+		sourceWidth: frame.canvas.width,
+		sourceHeight: frame.canvas.height,
+	});
+	if (!visualState) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	return {
+		...visualState,
+		source: frame.canvas,
+		sourceWidth: frame.canvas.width,
+		sourceHeight: frame.canvas.height,
+	};
+}
+
+async function resolveImageNode({
+	node,
+	context,
+}: {
+	node: ImageNode;
+	context: ResolveContext;
+}): Promise<ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState | null> {
+	const source = await loadImageSource(node.params.url, node.params.maxSourceSize);
+	const visualState = resolveVisualState({
+		params: node.params,
+		context,
+		sourceWidth: source.width,
+		sourceHeight: source.height,
+	});
+	if (!visualState) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	return {
+		...visualState,
+		source: source.source,
+		sourceWidth: source.width,
+		sourceHeight: source.height,
+	};
+}
+
+async function resolveStickerNode({
+	node,
+	context,
+}: {
+	node: StickerNode;
+	context: ResolveContext;
+}): Promise<ResolvedVisualSourceNodeState | null> {
+	const source = await loadStickerSource({ stickerId: node.params.stickerId });
+	const sourceWidth = node.params.intrinsicWidth ?? source.width;
+	const sourceHeight = node.params.intrinsicHeight ?? source.height;
+	const visualState = resolveVisualState({
+		params: node.params,
+		context,
+		sourceWidth,
+		sourceHeight,
+	});
+	if (!visualState) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	return {
+		...visualState,
+		source: source.source,
+		sourceWidth,
+		sourceHeight,
+	};
+}
+
+function resolveGraphicNode({
+	node,
+	context,
+}: {
+	node: GraphicNode;
+	context: ResolveContext;
+}): ResolvedGraphicNodeState | null {
+	const visualState = resolveVisualState({
+		params: node.params,
+		context,
+		sourceWidth: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,
+		sourceHeight: DEFAULT_GRAPHIC_SOURCE_SIZE,
+	});
+	if (!visualState) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	return {
+		...visualState,
+		resolvedParams: resolveGraphicParamsAtTime({
+			element: node.params,
+			localTime: visualState.localTime,
+		}),
+	};
+}
+
+function resolveTextNode({
+	node,
+	context,
+}: {
+	node: TextNode;
+	context: ResolveContext;
+}): ResolvedTextNodeState | null {
+	if (
+		context.time < node.params.startTime ||
+		context.time >= node.params.startTime + node.params.duration
+	) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	const localTime = getElementLocalTime({
+		timelineTime: context.time,
+		elementStartTime: node.params.startTime,
+		elementDuration: node.params.duration,
+	});
+
+	return {
+		transform: resolveTransformAtTime({
+			baseTransform: node.params.transform,
+			animations: node.params.animations,
+			localTime,
+		}),
+		opacity: resolveOpacityAtTime({
+			baseOpacity: node.params.opacity,
+			animations: node.params.animations,
+			localTime,
+		}),
+		textColor: resolveColorAtTime({
+			baseColor: node.params.color,
+			animations: node.params.animations,
+			propertyPath: "color",
+			localTime,
+		}),
+		backgroundColor: resolveColorAtTime({
+			baseColor: node.params.background.color,
+			animations: node.params.animations,
+			propertyPath: "background.color",
+			localTime,
+		}),
+		effectPasses: resolveEffectPassGroups({
+			effects: node.params.effects,
+			animations: node.params.animations,
+			localTime,
+			width: context.renderer.width,
+			height: context.renderer.height,
+		}),
+		measuredText: measureTextElement({
+			element: node.params,
+			canvasHeight: node.params.canvasHeight,
+			localTime,
+			ctx: getTextMeasurementContext(),
+		}),
+	};
+}
+
+async function resolveBlurBackgroundNode({
+	node,
+	context,
+}: {
+	node: BlurBackgroundNode;
+	context: ResolveContext;
+}): Promise<ResolvedBlurBackgroundNodeState | null> {
+	const clipTime = context.time - node.params.timeOffset;
+	if (clipTime < 0 || clipTime >= node.params.duration) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	const backdropSource = await resolveBackdropSource({ node, clipTime });
+	if (!backdropSource) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	return {
+		backdropSource,
+		passes: buildGaussianBlurPasses({
+			sigmaX: intensityToSigma({
+				intensity: node.params.blurIntensity,
+				resolution: context.renderer.width,
+				reference: 1920,
+			}),
+			sigmaY: intensityToSigma({
+				intensity: node.params.blurIntensity,
+				resolution: context.renderer.height,
+				reference: 1080,
+			}),
+		}),
+	};
+}
+
+async function resolveBackdropSource({
+	node,
+	clipTime,
+}: {
+	node: BlurBackgroundNode;
+	clipTime: number;
+}): Promise<BackdropSource | null> {
+	if (node.params.mediaType === "video") {
+		const sourceTimeTicks =
+			node.params.trimStart +
+			getSourceTimeAtClipTime({
+				clipTime,
+				retime: node.params.retime,
+			});
+		const frame = await videoCache.getFrameAt({
+			mediaId: node.params.mediaId,
+			file: node.params.file,
+			time: mediaTimeToSeconds({ time: sourceTimeTicks }),
+		});
+		if (!frame) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		return {
+			source: frame.canvas,
+			width: frame.canvas.width,
+			height: frame.canvas.height,
+		};
+	}
+
+	const source = await loadImageSource(node.params.url);
+	return {
+		source: source.source,
+		width: source.width,
+		height: source.height,
+	};
+}
+
+function resolveEffectLayerNode({
+	node,
+	context,
+}: {
+	node: EffectLayerNode;
+	context: ResolveContext;
+}): ResolvedEffectLayerNodeState | null {
+	const time = context.time;
+	if (
+		time < node.params.timeOffset - 1e-6 ||
+		time >= node.params.timeOffset + node.params.duration + 1e-6
+	) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	const definition = effectsRegistry.get(node.params.effectType);
+	const passes = resolveEffectPasses({
+		definition,
+		effectParams: node.params.effectParams,
+		width: context.renderer.width,
+		height: context.renderer.height,
+	});
+	if (passes.length === 0) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	return {
+		passes,
+	};
+}
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/scene-builder.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/scene-builder.ts
index 22d941be..68ba956b 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/scene-builder.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/scene-builder.ts
@@ -1,265 +1,265 @@
-import type { SceneTracks, TimelineTrack } from "@/lib/timeline";

-import type { MediaAsset } from "@/lib/media/types";

-import { RootNode } from "./nodes/root-node";

-import { VideoNode } from "./nodes/video-node";

-import { ImageNode } from "./nodes/image-node";

-import { TextNode } from "./nodes/text-node";

-import { StickerNode } from "./nodes/sticker-node";

-import { GraphicNode } from "./nodes/graphic-node";

-import { ColorNode } from "./nodes/color-node";

-import { BlurBackgroundNode } from "./nodes/blur-background-node";

-import { EffectLayerNode } from "./nodes/effect-layer-node";

-import type { BaseNode } from "./nodes/base-node";

-import type { TBackground, TCanvasSize } from "@/lib/project/types";

-import { DEFAULT_BACKGROUND_BLUR_INTENSITY } from "@/lib/background/constants";

-

-const PREVIEW_MAX_IMAGE_SIZE = 2048;

-

-function getVisibleSortedElements({ track }: { track: TimelineTrack }) {

-	return track.elements

-		.filter((element) => !("hidden" in element && element.hidden))

-		.slice()

-		.sort((a, b) => {

-			if (a.startTime !== b.startTime) return a.startTime - b.startTime;

-			return a.id.localeCompare(b.id);

-		});

-}

-

-function buildTrackNodes({

-	tracks,

-	mediaMap,

-	canvasSize,

-	isPreview,

-}: {

-	tracks: TimelineTrack[];

-	mediaMap: Map<string, MediaAsset>;

-	canvasSize: TCanvasSize;

-	isPreview?: boolean;

-}): BaseNode[] {

-	const nodes: BaseNode[] = [];

-

-	for (const track of tracks) {

-		const elements = getVisibleSortedElements({ track });

-

-		for (const element of elements) {

-			if (element.type === "effect") {

-				nodes.push(

-					new EffectLayerNode({

-						effectType: element.effectType,

-						effectParams: element.params,

-						timeOffset: element.startTime,

-						duration: element.duration,

-					}),

-				);

-				continue;

-			}

-

-			if (element.type === "video" || element.type === "image") {

-				const mediaAsset = mediaMap.get(element.mediaId);

-				if (!mediaAsset?.file || !mediaAsset?.url) {

-					continue;

-				}

-

-				if (element.type === "video" && mediaAsset.type === "video") {

-					nodes.push(

-						new VideoNode({

-							mediaId: mediaAsset.id,

-							url: mediaAsset.url,

-							file: mediaAsset.file,

-							duration: element.duration,

-							timeOffset: element.startTime,

-							trimStart: element.trimStart,

-							trimEnd: element.trimEnd,

-							retime: element.retime,

-							transform: element.transform,

-							animations: element.animations,

-							opacity: element.opacity,

-							blendMode: element.blendMode,

-							effects: element.effects,

-							masks: element.masks,

-						}),

-					);

-				}

-				if (element.type === "image" && mediaAsset.type === "image") {

-					nodes.push(

-						new ImageNode({

-							url: mediaAsset.url,

-							duration: element.duration,

-							timeOffset: element.startTime,

-							trimStart: element.trimStart,

-							trimEnd: element.trimEnd,

-							transform: element.transform,

-							animations: element.animations,

-							opacity: element.opacity,

-							blendMode: element.blendMode,

-							effects: element.effects,

-							masks: element.masks,

-							...(isPreview && {

-								maxSourceSize: PREVIEW_MAX_IMAGE_SIZE,

-							}),

-						}),

-					);

-				}

-			}

-

-			if (element.type === "text") {

-				nodes.push(

-					new TextNode({

-						...element,

-						canvasCenter: { x: canvasSize.width / 2, y: canvasSize.height / 2 },

-						canvasHeight: canvasSize.height,

-						textBaseline: "middle",

-						effects: element.effects,

-					}),

-				);

-			}

-

-			if (element.type === "sticker") {

-				nodes.push(

-					new StickerNode({

-						stickerId: element.stickerId,

-						intrinsicWidth: element.intrinsicWidth,

-						intrinsicHeight: element.intrinsicHeight,

-						duration: element.duration,

-						timeOffset: element.startTime,

-						trimStart: element.trimStart,

-						trimEnd: element.trimEnd,

-						transform: element.transform,

-						animations: element.animations,

-						opacity: element.opacity,

-						blendMode: element.blendMode,

-						effects: element.effects,

-					}),

-				);

-			}

-

-			if (element.type === "graphic") {

-				nodes.push(

-					new GraphicNode({

-						definitionId: element.definitionId,

-						params: element.params,

-						duration: element.duration,

-						timeOffset: element.startTime,

-						trimStart: element.trimStart,

-						trimEnd: element.trimEnd,

-						transform: element.transform,

-						animations: element.animations,

-						opacity: element.opacity,

-						blendMode: element.blendMode,

-						effects: element.effects,

-						masks: element.masks,

-					}),

-				);

-			}

-		}

-	}

-

-	return nodes;

-}

-

-function buildBlurBackgroundNodes({

-	track,

-	mediaMap,

-	blurIntensity,

-}: {

-	track: TimelineTrack | undefined;

-	mediaMap: Map<string, MediaAsset>;

-	blurIntensity: number;

-}): BaseNode[] {

-	if (!track) {

-		return [];

-	}

-

-	const nodes: BaseNode[] = [];

-	const elements = getVisibleSortedElements({ track });

-

-	for (const element of elements) {

-		if (element.type !== "video" && element.type !== "image") {

-			continue;

-		}

-

-		const mediaAsset = mediaMap.get(element.mediaId);

-		if (

-			!mediaAsset?.file ||

-			!mediaAsset?.url ||

-			(mediaAsset.type !== "video" && mediaAsset.type !== "image")

-		) {

-			continue;

-		}

-

-		nodes.push(

-			new BlurBackgroundNode({

-				mediaId: mediaAsset.id,

-				url: mediaAsset.url,

-				file: mediaAsset.file,

-				mediaType: mediaAsset.type,

-				duration: element.duration,

-				timeOffset: element.startTime,

-				trimStart: element.trimStart,

-				trimEnd: element.trimEnd,

-				retime: element.type === "video" ? element.retime : undefined,

-				blurIntensity,

-			}),

-		);

-	}

-

-	return nodes;

-}

-

-export type BuildSceneParams = {

-	canvasSize: TCanvasSize;

-	tracks: SceneTracks;

-	mediaAssets: MediaAsset[];

-	duration: number;

-	background: TBackground;

-	isPreview?: boolean;

-};

-

-export function buildScene({

-	canvasSize,

-	tracks,

-	mediaAssets,

-	duration,

-	background,

-	isPreview,

-}: BuildSceneParams) {

-	const rootNode = new RootNode({ duration });

-	const mediaMap = new Map(mediaAssets.map((m) => [m.id, m]));

-

-	const visibleTracks = [

-		...tracks.overlay.filter((track) => !("hidden" in track && track.hidden)),

-		...(!tracks.main.hidden ? [tracks.main] : []),

-	];

-	const orderedTracksBottomToTop = visibleTracks.slice().reverse();

-	const mainTrack = tracks.main.hidden ? undefined : tracks.main;

-

-	const allNodes = buildTrackNodes({

-		tracks: orderedTracksBottomToTop,

-		mediaMap,

-		canvasSize,

-		isPreview,

-	});

-

-	if (background.type === "blur") {

-		const blurNodes = buildBlurBackgroundNodes({

-			track: mainTrack,

-			mediaMap,

-			blurIntensity:

-				background.blurIntensity ?? DEFAULT_BACKGROUND_BLUR_INTENSITY,

-		});

-		for (const node of blurNodes) {

-			rootNode.add(node);

-		}

-	} else if (

-		background.type === "color" &&

-		background.color !== "transparent"

-	) {

-		rootNode.add(new ColorNode({ color: background.color }));

-	}

-

-	for (const node of allNodes) {

-		rootNode.add(node);

-	}

-

-	return rootNode;

-}

+import type { SceneTracks, TimelineTrack } from "@/lib/timeline";
+import type { MediaAsset } from "@/lib/media/types";
+import { RootNode } from "./nodes/root-node";
+import { VideoNode } from "./nodes/video-node";
+import { ImageNode } from "./nodes/image-node";
+import { TextNode } from "./nodes/text-node";
+import { StickerNode } from "./nodes/sticker-node";
+import { GraphicNode } from "./nodes/graphic-node";
+import { ColorNode } from "./nodes/color-node";
+import { BlurBackgroundNode } from "./nodes/blur-background-node";
+import { EffectLayerNode } from "./nodes/effect-layer-node";
+import type { AnyBaseNode } from "./nodes/base-node";
+import type { TBackground, TCanvasSize } from "@/lib/project/types";
+import { DEFAULT_BACKGROUND_BLUR_INTENSITY } from "@/lib/background/constants";
+
+const PREVIEW_MAX_IMAGE_SIZE = 2048;
+
+function getVisibleSortedElements({ track }: { track: TimelineTrack }) {
+	return track.elements
+		.filter((element) => !("hidden" in element && element.hidden))
+		.slice()
+		.sort((a, b) => {
+			if (a.startTime !== b.startTime) return a.startTime - b.startTime;
+			return a.id.localeCompare(b.id);
+		});
+}
+
+function buildTrackNodes({
+	tracks,
+	mediaMap,
+	canvasSize,
+	isPreview,
+}: {
+	tracks: TimelineTrack[];
+	mediaMap: Map<string, MediaAsset>;
+	canvasSize: TCanvasSize;
+	isPreview?: boolean;
+}): AnyBaseNode[] {
+	const nodes: AnyBaseNode[] = [];
+
+	for (const track of tracks) {
+		const elements = getVisibleSortedElements({ track });
+
+		for (const element of elements) {
+			if (element.type === "effect") {
+				nodes.push(
+					new EffectLayerNode({
+						effectType: element.effectType,
+						effectParams: element.params,
+						timeOffset: element.startTime,
+						duration: element.duration,
+					}),
+				);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if (element.type === "video" || element.type === "image") {
+				const mediaAsset = mediaMap.get(element.mediaId);
+				if (!mediaAsset?.file || !mediaAsset?.url) {
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				if (element.type === "video" && mediaAsset.type === "video") {
+					nodes.push(
+						new VideoNode({
+							mediaId: mediaAsset.id,
+							url: mediaAsset.url,
+							file: mediaAsset.file,
+							duration: element.duration,
+							timeOffset: element.startTime,
+							trimStart: element.trimStart,
+							trimEnd: element.trimEnd,
+							retime: element.retime,
+							transform: element.transform,
+							animations: element.animations,
+							opacity: element.opacity,
+							blendMode: element.blendMode,
+							effects: element.effects ?? [],
+							masks: element.masks ?? [],
+						}),
+					);
+				}
+				if (element.type === "image" && mediaAsset.type === "image") {
+					nodes.push(
+						new ImageNode({
+							url: mediaAsset.url,
+							duration: element.duration,
+							timeOffset: element.startTime,
+							trimStart: element.trimStart,
+							trimEnd: element.trimEnd,
+							transform: element.transform,
+							animations: element.animations,
+							opacity: element.opacity,
+							blendMode: element.blendMode,
+							effects: element.effects ?? [],
+							masks: element.masks ?? [],
+							...(isPreview && {
+								maxSourceSize: PREVIEW_MAX_IMAGE_SIZE,
+							}),
+						}),
+					);
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (element.type === "text") {
+				nodes.push(
+					new TextNode({
+						...element,
+						canvasCenter: { x: canvasSize.width / 2, y: canvasSize.height / 2 },
+						canvasHeight: canvasSize.height,
+						textBaseline: "middle",
+						effects: element.effects ?? [],
+					}),
+				);
+			}
+
+			if (element.type === "sticker") {
+				nodes.push(
+					new StickerNode({
+						stickerId: element.stickerId,
+						intrinsicWidth: element.intrinsicWidth,
+						intrinsicHeight: element.intrinsicHeight,
+						duration: element.duration,
+						timeOffset: element.startTime,
+						trimStart: element.trimStart,
+						trimEnd: element.trimEnd,
+						transform: element.transform,
+						animations: element.animations,
+						opacity: element.opacity,
+						blendMode: element.blendMode,
+						effects: element.effects ?? [],
+					}),
+				);
+			}
+
+			if (element.type === "graphic") {
+				nodes.push(
+					new GraphicNode({
+						definitionId: element.definitionId,
+						params: element.params,
+						duration: element.duration,
+						timeOffset: element.startTime,
+						trimStart: element.trimStart,
+						trimEnd: element.trimEnd,
+						transform: element.transform,
+						animations: element.animations,
+						opacity: element.opacity,
+						blendMode: element.blendMode,
+						effects: element.effects ?? [],
+						masks: element.masks ?? [],
+					}),
+				);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nodes;
+}
+
+function buildBlurBackgroundNodes({
+	track,
+	mediaMap,
+	blurIntensity,
+}: {
+	track: TimelineTrack | undefined;
+	mediaMap: Map<string, MediaAsset>;
+	blurIntensity: number;
+}): AnyBaseNode[] {
+	if (!track) {
+		return [];
+	}
+
+	const nodes: AnyBaseNode[] = [];
+	const elements = getVisibleSortedElements({ track });
+
+	for (const element of elements) {
+		if (element.type !== "video" && element.type !== "image") {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		const mediaAsset = mediaMap.get(element.mediaId);
+		if (
+			!mediaAsset?.file ||
+			!mediaAsset?.url ||
+			(mediaAsset.type !== "video" && mediaAsset.type !== "image")
+		) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		nodes.push(
+			new BlurBackgroundNode({
+				mediaId: mediaAsset.id,
+				url: mediaAsset.url,
+				file: mediaAsset.file,
+				mediaType: mediaAsset.type,
+				duration: element.duration,
+				timeOffset: element.startTime,
+				trimStart: element.trimStart,
+				trimEnd: element.trimEnd,
+				retime: element.type === "video" ? element.retime : undefined,
+				blurIntensity,
+			}),
+		);
+	}
+
+	return nodes;
+}
+
+export type BuildSceneParams = {
+	canvasSize: TCanvasSize;
+	tracks: SceneTracks;
+	mediaAssets: MediaAsset[];
+	duration: number;
+	background: TBackground;
+	isPreview?: boolean;
+};
+
+export function buildScene({
+	canvasSize,
+	tracks,
+	mediaAssets,
+	duration,
+	background,
+	isPreview,
+}: BuildSceneParams) {
+	const rootNode = new RootNode({ duration });
+	const mediaMap = new Map(mediaAssets.map((m) => [m.id, m]));
+
+	const visibleTracks = [
+		...tracks.overlay.filter((track) => !("hidden" in track && track.hidden)),
+		...(!tracks.main.hidden ? [tracks.main] : []),
+	];
+	const orderedTracksBottomToTop = visibleTracks.slice().reverse();
+	const mainTrack = tracks.main.hidden ? undefined : tracks.main;
+
+	const allNodes = buildTrackNodes({
+		tracks: orderedTracksBottomToTop,
+		mediaMap,
+		canvasSize,
+		isPreview,
+	});
+
+	if (background.type === "blur") {
+		const blurNodes = buildBlurBackgroundNodes({
+			track: mainTrack,
+			mediaMap,
+			blurIntensity:
+				background.blurIntensity ?? DEFAULT_BACKGROUND_BLUR_INTENSITY,
+		});
+		for (const node of blurNodes) {
+			rootNode.add(node);
+		}
+	} else if (
+		background.type === "color" &&
+		background.color !== "transparent"
+	) {
+		rootNode.add(new ColorNode({ color: background.color }));
+	}
+
+	for (const node of allNodes) {
+		rootNode.add(node);
+	}
+
+	return rootNode;
+}
diff --git a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/scene-exporter.ts b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/scene-exporter.ts
index 0c2ee17f..b19005cb 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/services/renderer/scene-exporter.ts
+++ b/apps/web/src/services/renderer/scene-exporter.ts
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ export class SceneExporter extends EventEmitter<SceneExporterEvents> {
 			target: new BufferTarget(),
 		});
 
-		const videoSource = new CanvasSource(this.renderer.canvas, {
+		const videoSource = new CanvasSource(this.renderer.getOutputCanvas(), {
 			codec: this.format === "webm" ? "vp9" : "avc",
 			bitrate: qualityMap[this.quality],
 		});